harry harkness flagler

Flagler. Philanthropist, Businessman. Henry Flagler, first wife Mary, and. 1844 At age 14, Flagler leaves home. Ida Alice (née Shourds) Flagler had been a caregiver for Mary. [citation needed], Flagler's third wife, Mary Lily Kenan Flagler, was born in North Carolina; the top-ranked Kenan-Flagler Business School at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is named for Flagler and his wife, who was an early benefactor of UNC along with her family and descendants. [citation needed], Needing capital for his new venture, Rockefeller approached Flagler in 1867. Standard's most potent weapons against competitors were underselling, differential pricing, and secret transportation rebates. Wife of Patron of Music Was Active in Charities Here and in Dutchess County. Conservation done for the re-installation of a chandelier (MCNY 49.166.4) from the home of Harry Harkness Flagler (1870-1952) and Anne Flagler (1870-1939) in Gilded… The third column shows data points from Flagler, Henry Harkness. [33], Standard Oil moved its headquarters to New York City, at 26 Broadway, and Flagler and Rockefeller became central figures in the city's business community. [32] Additional fields were discovered in Burma and Java. 100 0 _ ‎‡a Harry Harkness Flagler ‏ 4xx's: Alternate Name Forms (3) 400 1 _ ‎‡a Flagler, Harry Harkness, ‏ ‎‡d b. A deal brokered by Henry Clay Frick exchanged Standard's iron interests for U.S. Steel stock and gave Rockefeller and his son membership on the company's board of directors. These included, among many others, Continental Oil, which became Conoco, now part of ConocoPhillips; Standard of Indiana, which became Amoco, now part of BP; Standard of California, which became Chevron; Standard of New Jersey, which became Esso (and later, Exxon), now part of ExxonMobil; Standard of New York, which became Mobil, now part of ExxonMobil; and Standard of Ohio, which became Sohio, now part of BP. Flagler took his problem in front of the the Florida legislature and they passed a bill that made incurable insanity grounds for divorce. In 1901, U.S. Steel, now controlled by J. Pierpont Morgan, having bought Andrew Carnegie's steel assets, offered to buy Standard's iron interests as well. For the most part, she was played down with the same belittling views as his son Henry (Harry) Harkness Flagler garnered, though with much harsher consequences. Flagler and Rockefeller saw themselves as the industry's saviors, "an angel of mercy" absorbing the weak and making the industry as a whole stronger, more efficient, and more competitive. I do not believe any one else would develop it if I do not...but I do hope to live long enough to prove I am a good business man by getting a dividend on my investment."[58]. "Throughout the 1880s and 1890s, Flagler, like many white industrialists across the South, leased African American convict labor from the state. Besides its two refineries and a barrel plant in Cleveland, it possessed a fleet of tank cars and warehouses in the oil regions as well as warehouses and tanks in New York. Through this business, Flagler became acquainted with John D. Rockefeller, who worked as a commission agent with Hewitt and Tuttle for the Harkness Grain Company. [4] He was of paternal German descent from the Palatinate region. Perhaps fortunately for Smith, he couldn't come up with the funds,[49] so Flagler began construction of the 540-room Ponce de Leon Hotel by himself, but spent several times his original estimate. Only his son Harry survived of the three children by his first marriage in 1853 to Mary Harkness. He used convict leasing — "a method undertaken by the Southern States to replace the economic setup of slavery"[51] — to modernize the existing railroads, allowing them to accommodate heavier loads and more traffic.[52]. Courtesy. In 1928 the Symphony Society merged with the Philharmonic Society, and he became president of the combined New York Philharmonic until 1934, when he resigned because of his ill health. Age 81. [64], Flagler was entombed in the Flagler family mausoleum at Memorial Presbyterian Church in St. Augustine alongside his first wife, Mary Harkness; daughter, Jenny Louise; and granddaughter, Marjorie. His next project was the Ponce de Leon Hotel, now part of Flagler College. Though the refunds issued amounted to no more than fifteen cents on the dollar, they put Standard Oil in position to undercut other oil refineries. His personal dedication to the state of Florida was demonstrated when he began construction on his private residence, Kirkside, in St. Augustine. [3], His wife died in 1938 after being ill for a year and a half. Standard Oil had gained an aura of invincibility, always prevailing against competitors, critics, and political enemies. [56], On August 24, 1901, 10 days after his divorce, Flagler married Mary Lily at her family's plantation, Liberty Hall, and the couple soon moved into their new Palm Beach estate, Whitehall, a 55-room beaux arts home designed by the New York-based firm of Carrère and Hastings, which also had designed the New York Public Library and the Pan-American Exposition. Biography. Harry Harkness Flagler (December 2, 1870 - June 30, 1952) was president of the Philharmonic Symphony Society of New York and the National Orchestral Association. Flagler divorced Ida and married Mary. Rockefeller retained his nominal title as president until 1911 and he kept his stock. Not even children were spared. [6], After the failure of his salt business in Saginaw, Flagler returned to Bellevue in 1866 and reentered the grain business as a commission merchant with the Harkness Grain Company. Flagler wanted to take advantage of additional trade with Cuba and Latin America as well as the increased trade with the west that the Panama Canal would bring. Ibid. He recruited Henry Flagler to join him, and the youth went to Ohio at age 14, where he started work in 1844 at a salary of US$5 per month plus room and board. Henry explained: "We worked night and day, making good oil as cheaply as possible and selling it for all we could get. 2. [25] The firm was attacked by journalists and politicians throughout its existence, in part for these monopolistic methods, giving momentum to the antitrust movement. Convict leasing was ended in South Carolina (1897), Louisiana (1901), Mississippi(1907), Georgia (1908), Arkansas (1913) and in 1923 Florida finally followed suit. In 1853, on November 9, Flagler married Mary Harkness. Search Hints: Start your search by clicking a letter. "I never had an animus against their size and wealth, never objected to their corporate form. She had married Melbert Cary, who died in 1941.. Mrs Cary and her husband were significant collectors.Their main acquisitions were music … This touched off a firestorm of protest from independent oil well owners, including boycotts and vandalism, which eventually led to the discovery of Standard Oil's part in the deal. Henry Harkness Flagler: Also Known As: "Harry" Birthdate: December 02, 1870: Birthplace: Cleveland, Ohio: Death: June 30, 1952 (81) Millbrook, Dutchess Co., NY Immediate Family: Pennsylvania revoked the cartel's charter, and non-preferential rates were restored for the time being. The home at 32 Park Ave. was built in 1868 & purchased by Harry in 1901. In 1887, Congress created the Interstate Commerce Commission, which was tasked with enforcing equal rates for all railroad freight, but by then Standard depended more on pipeline transport. He became president of the Philharmonic Symphony Society of New York in 1914. It added its own pipelines, tank cars, and home delivery network. In historical perspective, "Flagler built his tourist empire — and modern Florida — by exploiting two brutal labor systems that blanketed the South for 50 years after the Civil War: convict leasing and debt peonage. When an investigative journalist and the U.S. Justice Department uncovered the practices, Flagler and his allies successfully mobilized to whitewash the findings in Congress and white-owned Florida newspapers, some directly controlled by Flagler himself. Stephen Harkness' son Lamon V. Harkness was born in Bellevue as well and was a "Standard Oil Heir" from his father's investments in Standard Oil. Flagler was in a special position to make those deals due to his connections as a grain merchant. Aided The Philharmonic. By the mid-1860s, Cleveland had become the center of the oil refining industry in America and Rockefeller left the grain business to start his own oil refinery. FamilySearch believes that families bring joy and meaning to life. Instead, an artificial island was constructed in Biscayne Bay called Flagler Monument Island. She married Melbert Cary in 1923, and they lived in New York City and Millbrook, NY. She was the granddaughter of Henry Morrison Flagler, one of the founders of Standard Oil, and inherited 20,000 shares of Standard Oil from her father Harry Harkness Flagler on his death in 1952 (valued then at $1,600,000). Harry Harkness Flagler (December 2, 1870 - June 30, 1952) was president of the Philharmonic Symphony Society of New York and the National Orchestral Association. Smith helped train the masons on the mixing and pouring techniques he used on Zorayda. Tarbell's father had been driven out of the oil business during the South Improvement Company affair. [15] Eventually, even former antagonists Pratt and Rogers saw the futility of continuing to compete against Standard Oil: in 1874, they made a secret agreement with their old nemesis to be acquired. He … [citation needed], In 1862, Flagler and his brother-in-law Barney Hamlin York (1833–1884) founded the Flagler and York Salt Company, a salt mining and production business in Saginaw, Michigan. Henry Morrison Flagler (January 2, 1830 – May 20, 1913) was an American industrialist and a founder of Standard Oil, which was first based in Ohio. Though Flagler and Rockefeller had long maintained a policy of active silence with the press, they decided to make themselves more accessible and responded with conciliatory comments such as "capital and labor are both wild forces which require intelligent legislation to hold them in restriction. Was Son of Industrial Leader", "President of Philharmonic Sees Success Assured. He later joined Daniel in a grain business started with his uncle Lamon in Bellevue, Ohio. Flagler dredged a channel, built streets, instituted the first water and power systems, and financed the city's first newspaper, The Metropolis. Son of late Henry M. and Mary (Harkness) F. In 1877, Flagler and his family moved to New York City, which was becoming the center of commerce in the U.S.. I was willing that they should combine and grow as big and wealthy as they could, but only by legitimate means. "[40] Flagler and Rockefeller worked hard for their company to achieve such prominence. [62][63] At 3 p.m. on the day of the funeral, May 23, 1913, every engine on the Florida East Coast Railway stopped wherever it was for ten minutes as a tribute to Flagler. Escaped peons were often arrested for vagrancy and leased out as convicts. He invested with the guidance of Dr. Andrew Anderson, a native of St. Augustine. [19]This subsidiary, the Empire Transportation Company, which Joseph D. Potts created in 1865 and also ran, owned other assets including a small fleet of ships on the Great Lakes. [55] A spouse's mental incapacity was later restored by the legislature as a grounds for dissolution of marriage, and remains the law of Florida today. [45] Although Standard Oil was a partnership, Flagler was credited as the brain behind the booming oil refining business. He was born in Cleveland, Ohio. Standard Oil also had the highest capitalization, totaling $26,000,000 (equivalent to $740 million in 2019). [3], Flagler was born in Hopewell, New York, the son of Isaac Flagler, a Presbyterian minister and his wife, the widowed Elizabeth Caldwell (Morrison) Harkness. The state provided incentive in the form of 3,840 acres (15.5 km2) for every mile (1.6 km) of track constructed.[53]. Chains, hounds, whips, sweat boxes, stringing up by the thumbs — these were part of everyday existence in convict camps. Even more critical, the invention of the light bulb gradually began to erode the dominance of kerosene for illumination. The same labor practices that forced African Americans into brutal work conditions ensnared immigrant workers, too. The couple had three children, Jennie Louise, Carrie and Harry Harkness Flagler. USD $60 million at the time of his death (about 1/651st of U.S. Jennie Louise (March 18, 1855 – March 25, 1889). There is also a monument to him on Flagler Monument Island in Biscayne Bay in Miami; Flagler College and Flagler Hospital are named after him in St. Augustine. Also, on July 28, 2006, a statue of Flagler was unveiled on the southeast steps of Miami's Dade County Courthouse, located on Miami's Flagler Street. Smith would not sell, but he planted the seed of St. Augustine's and Florida's future in Flagler's mind. It kept oil prices low to stave off competitors, made its products affordable to the average household, and, to increase market penetration, sometimes sold below cost if necessary. The railroads were fighting fiercely for traffic and, in an attempt to create a cartel to control freight rates, formed the South Improvement Company in collusion with Standard and other oil men outside the main oil centers. Two years later, Flagler built the Palm Beach Inn (renamed The Breakers in 1901), overlooking the Atlantic Ocean in Palm Beach. Was President of Philharmonic", "Mrs. H. H. Flagler Is Dead Up-State. [3] The Royal Poinciana Hotel was at the time the largest wooden structure in the world. He built a railroad bridge across the St. Johns River to gain access to the southern half of the state and purchased the Hotel Ormond, just north of Daytona. He never recovered and died in Palm Beach of his injuries on May 20 at 83 years of age. The railroad was financially unable to rebuild the destroyed sections, so the roadbed and remaining bridges were sold to the State of Florida, which built the Overseas Highway to Key West, using much of the remaining railway infrastructure. Vocabulary Search. [citation needed], By the end of the American Civil War, Cleveland was one of the five main refining centers in the U.S. (besides Pittsburgh, New York City, Philadelphia, and the region in northwestern Pennsylvania where most of the oil originated). Harry Harkness Flagler. 1830 Henry Morrison Flagler is born in Hopewell, New York. [48], Although Flagler remained on the board of directors of Standard Oil, he gave up his day-to-day involvement in the corporation to pursue his interests in Florida. Backer of Philharmonic. Sanitary conditions were widely deplorable and medical attention scant. Completed in 1906 the mausoleum containing the remains of Jennie Louise Benedict holding the infant Margery and of Henry and Mary Harkness Flagler is of different design. He returned to St. Augustine in 1885 and made Smith an offer. Harry Harkness Flagler. Flagler worked with Northern labor agencies to lure new immigrants with false promises of paradise. At the same time, he began to have an affair with Mary Lily Kenan; by 1899, newspapers began to openly question whether the two were having an affair. Harkness and Company at a salary of $5 per month plus room and board. It developed over 300 oil-based products from tar to paint to Vaseline petroleum jelly to chewing gum. For the train, see, sfnp error: no target: CITEREFKlepper1996 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFChernow1998 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFRockefeller1984 (, Martin, p. 56, quoting Edwin Lefevre, in "Flagler and Florida" from, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, "Perspective | How slave labor built the state of Florida — decades after the Civil War", "Madoff scandal stuns Palm Beach Jewish community", "292: Colonel Joseph D. Potts Leader in the Pennsylvania on LiveAuctioneers", "The Story of Convict Leasing in Florida", "Statutes & Constitution :View Statutes : Online Sunshine", "How slave labor built the state of Florida — decades after the Civil War", https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015002738212&view=1up&seq=609, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Flagler&oldid=1008431913, 19th-century American railroad executives, American businesspeople in the oil industry, American railroad executives of the 20th century, Infobox person using certain parameters when dead, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017, Articles with dead external links from June 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. It was Flagler's idea to use the rebate system to strengthen the firm's position against competitors and the transporting enterprises alike. At last in 1911, the Supreme Court of the United States found Standard Oil Company of New Jersey in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act. Harry Harkness Flagler: Henry's first born son. An interesting side note, Harry H. Flagler also fell in love with his mother's nurse. [36] Although her work prompted a huge backlash against the company, Tarbell claims to have been surprised at its magnitude. Southern employers found that Northern workers often came for the winter months to escape the cold of the north and then would leave during the blistering summer months. I wish I had the brains to think of it. Information: The first column shows data points from Flagler, Harry Harkness, 1870- in red. He becomes president of the New York Symphony. He graduated from Columbia University in 1897. By 1896, Flagler's railroad, the Florida East Coast Railway, reached Biscayne Bay. In reality, the Keys were a living hell: isolated islands with unbearable heat, relentless mosquitoes, poisonous plants, rampant disease and meager medical care. By 1849, Flagler was promoted to the sales staff at a salary of $40 per month. During this time he worked to pay back his stepbrother Stephen Harkness. FamilySearch is a nonprofit family history organization dedicated to connecting families across generations. Harry Harkness Flagler. But Standard Oil adapted, developing its own European presence, expanding into natural gas production in the U.S., then into gasoline for automobiles, which until then had been considered a waste product. Another Harkness, Daniel M., was the hallf brother of both Henry Flagler and Stephen V. Harkness. A major New York refiner, Charles Pratt and Company, headed by Charles Pratt and Henry H. Rogers, led the opposition to this plan, and railroads soon backed off. "[65], Miami's main east-west street is named Flagler Street and is the main shopping street in Downtown Miami. [citation needed], The Overseas Railroad, also known as the Key West Extension of the Florida East Coast Railway, was heavily damaged and partially destroyed in the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935. We correct them as soon as they come to our knowledge. Flagler originally intended West Palm Beach to be the terminus of his railroad system, but in 1894 and 1895, severe freezes hit the area, causing Flagler to reconsider. People. Harry Harkness Flagler, a son of Henry M. Flagler, to the author, October 25, 1945. [10] By 1872, it led the American oil refining industry, producing 10,000 barrels per day (1,600 m3/d). [11], By 1869, there was three times more kerosene refining capacity than needed to supply the market, and the capacity remained in excess for many years. 1853 Flagler marries Mary Harkness; their children are Jennie Louise (1855-1889), Carrie (1858-1861), and Henry (Harry) Harkness (1870-1952). In May 1913, Flagler fell down a flight of marble stairs at Whitehall. It soon was doing one tenth of all the petroleum business in the United States. The land owners were Julia Tuttle, whom he had met in Cleveland, Ohio, and William Brickell, who ran a trading post on the Miami River. Convicts held beyond their sentences became debt peons, forced to labor to pay off debt owed to their lessor-turned-employer. By the end of the 1870s, Standard was refining over 90% of the oil in the U.S.[17], In 1877, Standard clashed with Thomas A. Scott the president of the Pennsylvania Railroad, its chief hauler. He was succeeded as president by Marshall Field III. [13] Part of this scheme was the announcement of sharply increased freight charges. Unfortunately, only Henry Harkness would survive to have children, one of which would later establish the Flagler Museum. [57] Built in 1902 as a wedding present to Mary Lily, Whitehall (now the Flagler Museum) was a 60,000-square-foot (5,600 m²) winter retreat that established the Palm Beach "season" of about 8–12 weeks, for the wealthy of America's Gilded Age. To further convince Flagler to continue the railroad to Miami, he was offered land in exchange for laying rail tracks from private landowners, the Florida East Coast Canal and Transportation Company, and the Boston and Florida Atlantic Coast Land Company. Rather than try to influence the price of crude oil directly, Standard Oil had been exercising indirect control by altering oil storage charges to suit market conditions. A great many Gilded Age business leaders did give to causes that benefitted the public, setting a standard of philanthropy unique in history. [31] Robert Nobel had established his own refining enterprise in the abundant and cheaper Russian oil fields, including the region's first pipeline and the world's first oil tanker. Flagler encouraged fruit farming and settlement along his railway line and made many gifts to build hospitals, churches and schools in Florida. Flagler, Harry Harkness was born on December 2, 1870 in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. The Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler partnership was formed with Flagler in control of Harkness' interest. Flagler found the city charming, but the hotel facilities and transportation systems inadequate. [34] More threatening to Standard's power was the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, originally used to control unions, but later central to the breakup of the Standard Oil trust. Flagler returned to Bellevue having lost his initial $50,000 investment and an additional $50,000 he had borrowed from his father-in-law and Daniel. Flagler's developments in Florida were built using cheap labor that exploited people in the systems of convict leasing and debt peonage used in the South for 50 years after the civil war. [1][3], Philharmonic Symphony Society of New York, "H. Flagler Dies. Harry Flagler did not follow his father into business but instead worked in various roles at music-related organizations including the Permanent Fund Orchestra, the Philharmonic Society, and the Symphonic Society of New … His half-brother Daniel had left Hopewell to live and work with his paternal uncle Lamon G. Harkness, who had a store in Republic, Ohio. "[29] Over time foreign competition and new finds abroad eroded his dominance. [24] Despite improving the quality and availability of kerosene products while greatly reducing their cost to the public (the price of kerosene dropped by nearly 80% over the life of the company), Standard Oil's business practices created intense controversy. From the Flagler family records now in his possession. [2], Flagler's second wife, the former Ida Alice Shourds, was declared insane by Flagler's friend Dr. Anderson in 1896 and was institutionalized on and off starting that year. [13] The cartel received preferential treatment as a high-volume shipper, which included not just steep rebates of up to 50% for their product but also rebates for the shipment of competing products. Free Account. When the city was incorporated in 1896, its citizens wanted to honor the man responsible for its growth by naming it "Flagler". Whitehall, Palm Beach, is open to the public as the Henry Morrison Flagler Museum; his private railcar No. Dec 13, 2016 - Object conservation presents an opportunity to learn about aspects of an object’s history that cannot always be revealed by researching secondary sources. [67] After Flagler's death, she married an old friend, Robert Worth Bingham, who used an inheritance from her to buy the Louisville Courier-Journal newspaper. She had brought two sons to the marriage with Flagler from her previous marriage to the widower Dr. David Harkness of Milan, Ohio. [30], Even though 85% of world crude production was still coming from Pennsylvania wells in the 1880s, overseas drilling in Russia and Asia began to reach the world market. [1], He married Anne Lamont in 1894 and had a daughter, Mary Flagler Cary. Flagler and Rockefeller eventually prevailed and the railroad sold all its oil interests to Standard. Harry Harkness Flagler Publisher: Anna M. Marcotte Publication place: St. Augustine, FL Publication date: 1895 Physical description: p. 14 Summary: Mr. and Mrs. Harry Harkness Flagler arrived at the Ponce de Leon on Thursday. 1870 ‏ A large portion of his estate was designated for a "niece" who was said actually to be a child born out of wedlock. [citation needed], Standard Oil had the same principal owners that Rockefeller, Andrews and Flagler had, give or take a few business associates: one of whom was Rockefeller's brother, William. Rockefeller admitted later, "We realized that public sentiment would be against us if we actually refined all the oil. It was reported that people along the railway line waited all night for the passing of the funeral train as it traveled from Palm Beach to St. "[41] Not only did Flagler and Rockefeller's Standard Oil company become well known in Ohio, they expanded to other states, as well as gained additional capital in purchasing smaller oil refining companies across the nation. From 1880 to 1914, more than 22 million people had migrated to the United States. The Bingham-Flagler marriage (and questions about her death or possible murder) figured prominently in several books that appeared in the 1980s, when the Bingham family sold the newspaper in the midst of great acrimony. If they refused the offer, Flagler and Rockefeller told them they would run them into bankruptcy and then cheaply buy up their assets at auction. 1952. [2] For many of the competitors, Flagler and Rockefeller had merely to show them the books so they could see what they were up against and make them a decent offer. By then the trust still had a 70% market share of the refined oil market but only 14% of the U.S. crude oil supply. Harry Harkness Flagler (1870–1952) Henry Morrison Flagler (January 2, 1830 – May 20, 1913) was an American industrialist and a founder of Standard Oil , first based in Ohio. [50], Realizing the need for a sound transportation system to support his hotel ventures, Flagler purchased short line railroads in what would later become known as the Florida East Coast Railway. Designed by Carrère and Hastings, the contrasts with the church are apparent in the lighter stone coloration, a consistency achieved from a mixture of sand and shell and in the … in blue. Introduction. In less than four months in 1872, in what was later known as "The Cleveland Conquest" or "The Cleveland Massacre", Standard Oil had absorbed 22 of its 26 Cleveland competitors. In 1885, Standard Oil moved its corporate headquarters to New York City to the iconic 26 Broadway location. [9] The partnership eventually grew into the Standard Oil Corporation. A federal statute outlawed peonage, but in practice, it overlapped with convict labor. "[26], At that time, many legislatures had made it difficult to incorporate in one state and operate in another. Flagler, Harry Harkness (former_owner) Mary Flagler Cary Music Collection (Pierpont Morgan Library) Created / Published

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